Oxford museum returns ancestral Naga skulls to India

The Pitt Rivers Museum holds more than 6,000 objects associated with Naga culture, believed to be the largest such collection in the world. Most were acquired during British colonial rule in India and Myanmar (the former Burma).

The museum's website lists 219 items as human remains.

These were added to the museum's collection between 1910 and 1940 and mostly collected by two colonial administrators who were anthropologists.

The museum's website, external mentions that the objects collected during this period were "frequently confiscated during punitive military expeditions, rather than freely given".

During their visit to Oxford, the Naga delegation also met descendants of one of the anthropologists involved in collecting the remains.

"The manner in which these human remains were taken away from our land leaves much for us to speculate," one of the tribal leaders, Thejao Vihienuo, told AFP.

"I suspect that nobody would have given the skull of his father or his grandfather as a gift to another person."

Anthropologists say that the Naga people once practised head hunting, severing the heads of enemies as trophies. But they also kept the heads of their own chiefs at the centre of villages.

The Pitt Rivers Museum, founded in the 19th Century, has previously returned human remains to indigenous communities in Australia, New Zealand and the US.

The latest handover to India concerns only the 39 ancestral remains and comes after a visit by a Naga delegation to Oxford in 2025, when it formally requested their return.

The museum had announced in September that the remains would be returned to India.