Modern war is systematically erasing human history

• By Simon Jenkins / The Guardian

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Wars might not take summer holidays, but they do sometimes see exhaustion. As drones race back and forth across Ukraine and the Strait of Hormuz, a grim stalemate seems to have invaded the earth beneath. Aerial bombardment knows limited resistance and even less victory or defeat. Ukraine, Russia, Israel, Iran and their allies seem able to defy diplomacy and drop bombs on each other for ever.

At which point the outside world can merely count some of the costs. Russian President Vladimir Putin’s known desire to eliminate Ukraine’s historical identity has led to its cultural devastation. Two weeks ago, UNESCO reported the destruction or dereliction of 545 of its historic buildings, including 156 religious sites and 43 museums. The attempted eradication of what Putin himself claims to be an intrinsic part of Russia’s own history is sickening.

Russia’s bombing of Kyiv’s Pechersk Lavra complex and the Dormition Cathedral, coupled with shattering the magnificent St Sophia Cathedral, are comparable to Ukraine bombing the Kremlin. So, too, is the attack on a cathedral and a museum in Odesa, and the destruction of a theater in Mariupol. These are defining monuments of Ukraine’s past. Yet their dereliction has received little publicity in the West.

Meanwhile, in Iran, the beautiful city of Isfahan might surely have been spared US President Donald Trump’s egotistic bomb-fest. Not so. A Reuters survey in June found the historic Naqsh-e Jahan Square, the Jameh Mosque and the governor’s palace partially destroyed. In Tehran, the Persian royal palace of Golestan has been badly damaged. UNESCO reports of an attack on an 1,800-year-old fortress that embraced a prehistoric settlement reputedly 63,000 years old.

The most savage consequence of the collapse of order in the Middle East is the reported damage or destruction of over 80 percent of the buildings in Gaza. The ancient city of Gaza itself is now largely rubble. Bombed by Israel are the medieval Great Omari Mosque and the Church of St Porphyrius, dating from the fifth century and one of Christianity’s most ancient sites.

Gaza’s archives have been destroyed. The Omari Mosque’s library and the adjacent cultural center, whose thousands of ancient documents had survived the Crusades, have reportedly been lost. The al-Qarara Museum was bombed from the air and then bulldozed to the ground. A people’s entire past has been deliberately eradicated.

As for Israel’s war on Lebanon, it culminated in June in what appeared to be the gratuitous bombing of the ancient port of Tyre. This included an attack on the site of the Roman hippodrome. The 1,000-year-old fortress of Beaufort was also damaged. The past is clearly without privilege.

Aerial wars are unlike ground ones. Soldiers with guns have targets. So, we are constantly told, do modern missiles, but that does not explain the US bombing of an Iranian girls’ school in February. The reality is that bombers are casual, because they are near invulnerable, while their victims appear small and anonymous. Bombers do not conquer territory or secure surrender. They are manifestations of leadership machismo.

In the allied invasion of Italy in 1943-1945, British and US officers were known to take steps to protect its monuments from destruction. As a result, Italy’s ancient cities survived to a degree that Germany’s did not. In the aftermath, sincere efforts were made to evolve rules of war, including respect for cultural and historic monuments. War was still seen as a contest of professionals, not of cultures.

The result was The Hague Convention of 1954 and the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in 1972. However, in the past few years, in which we have seen a collapse of global governance, have left The Hague Convention a paper tiger, like that other supposed discipline, the UN’s International Court of Justice. Victory today appears to lie in destroying an enemy’s identity and morale as much as in killing its people. When the Islamic State ruined much of the Iraqi city of Mosul in 2014, it set about eliminating all traces of its past. Trump’s threat to Iran, that “a whole civilization will die tonight,” showed an equally primitive approach to conflict. It hardly warned his bombers to spare the mosques of Isfahan.

Of international bodies, UNESCO is active in keeping a record of the fate of cultural heritage worldwide, but a record is just a record. Its listing of Russia’s and Israel’s devastation of their hated foes is like watching a historic tragedy unfold in real time. We might almost prefer it to happen behind our backs.