Jumping spiders caught on camera sleeping and leg twitching like humans

While not everyone gets to enjoy some peaceful shut eye, it seems that more creatures than we thought enjoy a good kip.

Subtle eye flickers and leg curls captured on video confirm a small Australian jumping spider experiences the same kinds of movements we do during sleep, according to a new study. 

Study co-author Daniela Rößler, a behavioural ecologist from the University of Bonn, said the sleep patterns of Portia fimbriata were structured in at least two parts. 

"Spiders have distinct sleep stages, and that the architecture of their sleep mirrors key features of vertebrate sleep far more closely than anyone expected," she said. 

The research, which the team hopes can help scientists understand how sleep has evolved through the animal kingdom, was published today in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

How to wake a spider

Portia fimbriata, which is found across Northern Australia, is a "dream species" for studying sleep, study co-author Nadja Geiger said. 

"She is diurnal, highly visual and famously clever,"

Ms Geiger said.

"She also has a very clear night-time resting posture, sleeping upside down in a little web … this makes sleep easier to identify and study."

The team recorded the arachnids throughout the night, then carefully analysed the footage to identify the stages. 

The spiders groomed themselves while they snoozed and drooped down slowly over the course of the night in a phase the researchers called quiescent.

This was followed by a REM-like sleep stage, complete with leg curls, eye movements and arm twitching as the spiders dosed.

Once the researchers had observed these two different phases, they could see what happened when they tried to wake the spider up.

"A hallmark sign of sleep is … [responding] slower or not at all to external stimuli," Ms Geiger said.

They woke the spiders up with a loud noise while they were still for more than 15 minutes in the quiescent stage, as well as when they showed signs of REM-like sleep and when they were visibly awake.

Similar to humans who have been woken from a nap, it took the spiders longer to respond when they were in this quiescent and REM-like state.

"This effect was particularly strong during the REM-like phase," Ms Geiger said. 

"Responses were significantly delayed, and some spiders did not respond at all."

Spider sleep a (not so) controversial idea

Thomas White, an entomologist at the University of Sydney who studies invertebrate behaviour, said some people might think associating similar behaviours to animals that were so distantly removed from us was controversial.  

"With spiders, you're talking about animals that have diverged 500 million years ago from all other vertebrates," Dr White said.

But he noted that scientists were becoming less hesitant as evidence mounted that similar behaviours occurred.

"We readily see our dog lying down and its eyes are twitching and it's kicking its little paws. Essentially what [the researchers] are showing here is that something similar," he said.

"Yes, [spiders] diverged a very long time ago, but if we're willing to extend that inference to our dogs, our cats, or even animals that are quite unlike us like reptiles, then what's stopping us from extending that inference … in animals that are very unlike us?"

Dr White said that the study built on research from the same team a few years ago that found some possible REM-like sleep in jumping spiders. 

"But this goes a step further in mapping out different behavioural facets of sleep-like behaviour," he said. 

"This paper is far and away the most complete behavioural case for sleep in any arachnid."

What can spider sleep tell us? 

According to Dr Rößler, understanding how spiders sleep may help researchers explain why sleep exists at all.

"If animals with such different brains and sensory worlds show structured sleep with REM‑like phases, it suggests that the basic architecture of sleep may be far older and more widespread than we thought," she said. 

"Comparing sleep across such different animals can help us understand how sleep evolved, which features are ancient, and what functions different sleep stages may serve."

The researchers are now looking at studying sleep in spiders in the wild, including fieldwork in northern Queensland and Western Australia. 

"This allows us to ask how natural conditions and anthropogenic changes, such as artificial light and habitat disturbance, influence sleep outside the laboratory," Dr Rößler said. 

"We'd love for this kind of research to help spread a little more curiosity and appreciation for these charismatic animals."