From ‘Hoop Dreams’ to ‘Flee’: The 20 Documentaries That Deserved a Best Picture Oscar Nomination

In nearly a century of Oscars, not a single documentary has been nominated for best picture. But that shouldn’t be the case.

While a documentary can win its own Oscar, reshape the cultural conversation and become one of the defining films of its era, these nonfiction feature films have been excluded from the top category meant to honor the year’s best filmmaking. When the Academy expanded the Best Picture lineup from five to 10 after the snub of “The Dark Knight” (2008), the press release led with the possibility of a documentary getting recognized. That has yet to happen … perhaps until now?

That assumption is finally being tested this season with “You Can See Everything,” Nathan Fielder and Lance Oppenheim’s nonfiction sensation about Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes. Acclaim and box office success are raising the possibility that a documentary could finally break one of the Academy’s longest-standing barriers. If it earns a nomination, the achievement would be historic. But it would also raise an uncomfortable question: Why did it take this long?

To celebrate this potential historic nomination, Variety is ranking the 20 films that should have received a best picture nomination in the past 40 years.

The films mentioned here span genres, styles and subjects, from the pursuit of an NBA dream to a high-wire walk between the World Trade Center towers, from a confrontation with Indonesia’s history of mass killing to a real-time account of Edward Snowden’s revelations.

You can blame the Academy at large for some of these omissions; others tie directly to the Documentary Branch itself, which snubbed many of them in its own category.

If “You Can See Everything” finally breaks through, it will undoubtedly have earned its place in history. But it should not have been the first. Many others from this very year could also be deemed worthy, such as “Once Upon a Time in Harlem” and “Naza.”

Read the list below.

Honorable mentions: “An Inconvenient Truth” (2006); “Senna” (2010); “The Act of Killing” (2012); “Apollo 11″ (2019)

• Daughters (2024)

  

  Angela Patton and Natalie Rae’s “Daughters” follows four girls preparing for a father-daughter dance inside a Washington, D.C., prison as part of a fatherhood program Patton helped build.

  The filmmakers’ choice to focus on the girls’ anticipation, anger and longing is its strongest element. It carries the film toward a dance sequence of almost unbearable tenderness.

  It won both the Audience Award and the Festival Favorite prize at Sundance, then made the documentary shortlist only to miss the nomination at the 2025 ceremony. Few films that year said more about love under impossible conditions.

• Man on Wire (2008)

  

  James Marsh’s “Man on Wire” reconstructs Philippe Petit’s 1974 high-wire walk between the World Trade Center towers. Through interviews, archival footage and recreations, Marsh builds a structure as a model for any good movie heist.

  “Man on Wire” won the documentary Oscar at the 2009 ceremony, and its success lives on, demonstrating how effectively a nonfiction film could deliver the pleasures of a caper.

• O.J.: Made in America (2016)

  

  There are strong feelings about whether or not Ezra Edelman’s Oscar winner is, in fact, a documentary feature, but it’s included nonetheless.

  Edelman’s nearly eight-hour “O.J.: Made in America” is an expansive examination of race, celebrity, policing and the American justice system, using the life of O.J. Simpson as a lens through which to understand the country’s social and cultural divisions. What begins as a portrait of an athlete becomes a sweeping account of Los Angeles and the forces that shaped one of the most consequential public dramas of the modern era.

  The documentary feature Oscar winner’s format also exposed the boundaries of the category. Its recognition prompted renewed scrutiny of how the Academy treats multipart nonfiction projects, contributing to subsequent eligibility changes concerning episodic work.

  Whatever the debate over its classification, the filmmaking is extraordinary. Its scope exceeds that of most narrative features.

• Won’t You Be My Neighbor? (2018)

  

  Morgan Neville’s portrait of television icon Fred Rogers became the highest-grossing biographical documentary of its time and became a sensation for all of us who grew up with the prolific figure.

  Rather than canonize its subject, Oscar winner Neville (“20 Feet From Stardom”) examines the radical patience behind “Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood” and the quiet conviction that children deserved to be taken seriously.

  The film made the documentary shortlist but, shockingly, missed a nomination at the 2019 ceremony, a snub that still stings.

  Few films that year moved audiences so completely, in any category.

• Flee (2021)

  

  Jonas Poher Rasmussen’s “Flee” uses animation to tell the story of Amin, an Afghan refugee who reveals the full extent of his childhood and his journey to safety. The decision to use the animation medium for the testimony allows Amin to revisit traumatic memories while preserving his anonymity, creating a visual language for experiences that would be difficult to reconstruct.

  “Flee” made Oscar history by becoming the first film nominated for documentary feature, international feature and animated feature in the same year. It lost in all three categories, and best picture remained out of reach.

  Rasmussen’s film is a reminder that nonfiction is not confined to one visual language or storytelling tradition.

• The Look of Silence (2014)

  

  Many will argue I chose the wrong Joshua Oppenheimer film, and that “The Act of Killing” is more worthy of a spot than its companion piece. That a filmmaker’s work can spark such a debate is itself a mark of genius.

  “The Look of Silence” approaches Indonesia’s 1965-66 mass killings through an optometrist whose brother was murdered during the violence. Oppenheimer resists the conventions of a historical exposé, allowing pauses and glances to communicate what his subjects refuse to say.

  The film landed a documentary feature nomination but lost to “Amy.”

• Cameraperson (2016)

  

  Kirsten Johnson spent decades as a documentary cinematographer, filming subjects in war zones, hospitals and interview rooms. With “Cameraperson,” she assembled fragments from that career into a moving essay about the ethics of looking and the emotional toll of bearing witness.

  The doc branch failed to nominate “Cameraperson,” a shocking omission for a work so widely admired for its originality. Johnson’s 2020 follow-up, “Dick Johnson Is Dead,” a playful and heartbreaking reckoning with her father’s decline, that could just as easily have claimed this spot.

• 13th (2016)

  

  Ava DuVernay’s “13th” examines the connection between the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery, and the rise of mass incarceration in the United States. Through interviews with scholars, activists and politicians, alongside archival footage, DuVernay builds an argument about the enduring relationship between race and the criminal justice system.

  Rather than treating the amendment as a historical endpoint, she traces how its language became a blueprint for systems of control, and presenting a complex history with clarity and urgency.

  “13th” opened the 2016 New York Film Festival and landed a documentary feature nom, losing to “O.J.: Made in America.”

  A decade later, DuVernay returned to NYFF with the equally urgent “14th,” the festival’s 2026 closing night film, which Netflix will also release.

• Dear Zachary: A Letter to a Son About His Father (2008)

  

  No documentary has made me cry more than the one about a baby named Zachary.

  Kurt Kuenne began “Dear Zachary” as a film for the infant son of his murdered best friend, Andrew Bagby. And what starts as a tribute built from home videos, photographs and memories becomes a devastating account of grief, family and a legal system that fails those seeking justice.

  Kuenne is not a detached observer. As events unfold, the film’s purpose changes, and its structure takes on a force no viewer can anticipate. Kuenne’s mid-film narration is something your heart can never properly prepare for.

  Nonetheless, the documentary branch passed on “Dear Zachary.” It remains one of the clearest examples of why documentaries deserve to be considered among the year’s best films, not merely the year’s best documentaries.

• Exit Through the Gift Shop (2010)

  

  Banksy’s “Exit Through the Gift Shop” makes uncertainty part of the moviewatching experience.

  Is the film documenting an absurd art-world spectacle, manufacturing one or doing both at once? Banksy never provides a definitive answer, and the film’s refusal to settle the question gives it life.

  “Exit Through the Gift Shop” earned a documentary feature nom, losing to “Inside Job.” Moreover, it challenged the assumption that documentaries must present a distinction between observer and participant.

• I Am Not Your Negro (2016)

  

  Raoul Peck’s Oscar-nominated “I Am Not Your Negro” takes James Baldwin’s unfinished manuscript about Medgar Evers, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. and transforms it into a searing cinematic essay on race and America.

  Samuel L. Jackson narrates Baldwin’s words, with the film’s force coming from the collision between the writer’s observations and a country that still refuses to reckon with its past. It’s sheer brilliance, and always timely.

• Three Identical Strangers (2018)

  

  Tim Wardle’s film opens as a feel-good reunion of triplets separated at birth and curdles into an account of a secret psychological study that treated infants as test subjects. Wardle controls the revelations with the discipline of a thriller, letting each turn leave the viewer shocked before the next is revealed.

  Like “Won’t You Be My Neighbor?,” it was shortlisted and then passed over entirely by the documentary branch. Its story of nature, nurture and institutional betrayal deserved a much wider stage.

• Citizenfour (2014)

  

  Laura Poitras’ “Citizenfour” puts viewers inside a Hong Kong hotel room while Edward Snowden meets journalists and begins revealing classified information about government surveillance. Poitras allows conversations to develop in real time, building suspense through the simple act of watching history unfold.

  “Citizenfour” won the documentary Oscar at the 2015 ceremony, but no best picture heat would ensue.

• Searching for Sugar Man (2012)

  

  Malik Bendjelloul’s “Searching for Sugar Man” chases the ghost of Rodriguez, a Detroit musician whose albums vanished in America but became anthems in apartheid-era South Africa, where fans knew nothing about the man behind the music.

  By my estimation, it’s the single standout nonfiction film of its decade.

  Bendjelloul builds the mystery like a detective story, with an emotional payoff that feels almost too extraordinary to be true. Rodriguez’s incredible songs carry a story about fame, obscurity and the strange ways art outlives the circumstances of its making.

  Oscar voters handed it the documentary prize in 2013. Nobody mounted a best picture push for a film that had already proven it could hold a broad audience in its palm. Bendjelloul died in 2014 at 36, but the joyous discovery he left behind is well intact.

• Grizzly Man (2005)

  

  Werner Herzog’s “Grizzly Man” begins with footage shot by Timothy Treadwell, a self-appointed protector of Alaskan grizzlies who was killed by one of the animals he sought to defend. Herzog’s narration becomes a film unto itself, challenging Treadwell’s romantic vision of the wilderness.

  The footage is funny, unnerving and devastating, sometimes within the same frame. Few filmmakers have turned a real-life tragedy into a philosophical inquiry so effectively without losing sight of the person at its center.

  Unfortunately, this was yet another victim of the doc branch’s allergy to mainstream and successful films, even though it’s widely considered among Herzog’s most celebrated works.

• Stories We Tell (2012)

  

  Sarah Polley’s “Stories We Tell” is an investigation into her own family history and becomes a remarkably intricate exploration of memory, and the fragile relationship between personal truth and the stories people preserve.

  Polley interviews relatives and friends, reconstructing family moments with its most effective moments being best experienced without advance knowledge of the revelations it shows.

  “Stories We Tell” was snubbed for the documentary Oscar, let alone best picture. That omission is particularly striking given Polley’s command of structure and her willingness to question the very conventions on which documentary filmmaking depends.

• Bowling for Columbine (2002)

  

  Michael Moore turned the Columbine High School massacre into a mirror for America to see.

  “Bowling for Columbine” interrogates America’s relationship with guns, violence and fear, mixing interviews, archival footage and Moore’s confrontational on-camera presence into an argument that dared audiences to fight back.

  Few releases of 2002 commanded that attention.

  The Writers Guild made it the first documentary to win its original screenplay prize, and the Academy followed with the documentary Oscar, where Moore’s “shame on you, Mr. Bush” speech became the most talked-about moment of the night (and history).

• Hoop Dreams (1994)

  

  No documentary snub remains quite as painful as the Academy’s failure to recognize Steve James’ “Hoop Dreams.”

  Over five years, James followed Chicago teenagers William Gates and Arthur Agee as they pursued basketball dreams that promised an escape from poverty. The result is a nearly three-hour American epic about race, class, family and the machinery that turns young athletes into commodities.

  Critics embraced the film as one of the year’s finest, regardless of genre. The Academy’s documentary branch, however, failed to nominate it, prompting widespread criticism and contributing to voting changes in the documentary nomination process.

  Interestingly, “Hoop Dreams” managed to receive an Oscar nomination for film editing, but best picture was likely an even more distant possibility.

• The Thin Blue Line (1988)

  

  Errol Morris’ investigation into the 1976 killing of a Dallas police officer did something few doc films hope to do: It helped free an innocent man.

  Randall Dale Adams was released from prison within a year of the film’s debut, after Morris’ interviews exposed the holes in the case against him.

  Its stylized reenactments, Philip Glass score and noir structure reinvented the nonfiction form in many ways.

  Once again, the doc branch had other plans, with a snub measured just as scandalous in its moment as “Hoop Dreams” would be six years later.

  Leaving out the film that changed how documentaries are made is indefensible.

• Paris is Burning (1990)

  

  Jennie Livingston’s “Paris Is Burning” documents Harlem’s ballroom scene in the late 1980s, where Black and Latino queer performers built houses, families and an entire vocabulary of survival in the face of poverty, racism and the AIDS crisis.

  Its subjects, including Pepper LaBeija, Dorian Corey and Venus Xtravaganza, are among the most vivid figures nonfiction cinema has captured.

  The film won the Grand Jury Prize at Sundance yet was snubbed by the Academy’s documentary branch at the 1992 ceremony. Decades later, its influence has been felt in artistic achievements such as television’s “Pose,” “RuPaul’s Drag Race” and the mainstream itself.