Supreme Court restores Trump's mass voter verification system — What does it mean ahead of US midterm election?

The US Supreme Court reinstated on Friday an expanded immigration database that President Donald Trump's administration said aims to combat voting by non-citizens. Critics, however, contend it could disenfranchise eligible voters.

According to Reuters, the justices granted the Justice Department's request to block a judge's order that had stopped state officials from using Social Security numbers and other information to conduct sweeping checks of citizenship status of registered voters against federal records.

What did the court rule?

The court has a 6-3 conservative majority. Its three liberal justices dissented from Friday's order.

The majority said the plaintiffs' arguments likely fail because federal law expressly authorises the Department of Homeland Security to request and receive information relating to citizenship and immigration status from other agencies, including the Social Security Administration.

In a dissent on Friday that was joined by her two fellow liberal justices, Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson said, according to Bloomberg, that the majority was misreading federal law.

She also pointed to US District Judge Sparkle Sooknanan’s findings that legal voters were having their registrations revoked or questioned.

Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson wrote that "the harm caused by burdening or disenfranchising even a few lawful voters outweighs the non-existent harm that the government experiences when it is prevented from taking an action that it likely lacks the authority to take."

SAVE: 'Stop non-citizens from illegally voting'

The Trump administration's data-sharing arrangement is one in a series of actions boosting the federal government's involvement in voting ahead of November's midterm elections as Trump's fellow Republicans seek to maintain control of Congress.

The US Constitution gives individual states the primary authority to run and administer elections.

Last year, the Department of Homeland Security redesigned a federal database known as the Systematic Alien Verification for Entitlements, ​or SAVE, used to verify a person's citizenship and immigration status.

The revamp allowed users to search many records at a time and to conduct searches using individuals' Social Security numbers.

In a social media post on Friday, James Percival, general counsel at the Department of Homeland Security, replied to a post about the court's order, saying, "Yes, you read that right. We had to file an emergency petition in the Supreme Court just so we could use government data to help states stop noncitizens from illegally voting."

Since the federal database was expanded, several Republican-led states compared their voter lists to the database, and some voters flagged as potential non-citizens have had their registrations cancelled.

Impact on midterm election

The decision means the Trump administration can deploy the system in the run-up to the November midterm elections as Republicans defend their narrow congressional majority in the wake the conflict in Iran and Trump's tariff war.

Trump says he is trying to stop non-citizens from voting, though studies have repeatedly found that to be a rare occurrence.

Critics told Reuters that such election-related actions by Republicans are driven less by concerns over election security than by an attempt to gain political advantage ​by narrowing the electorate, risking the disenfranchisement of eligible, often Democratic-leaning voters.

Trump has carried out hardline policies toward immigration and has made false claims of widespread voting fraud including in his 2020 election loss to Democratic former President Joe Biden.

Advocacy groups that sued to block the revised SAVE system said that the new approach ⁠resulted in people who were wrongfully identified as non-citizens being eliminated from the voter rolls.

They argued that SAVE can be outdated, meaning immigrants who have become naturalised US citizens and are thus eligible to vote are sometimes labeled as noncitizens.

The modified system's overall error rate is not publicly known. The Department of Homeland Security and Justice Department did not provide that information when asked.

Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, which represents the plaintiffs, called Friday's decision "profoundly disappointing.

They said it puts Americans “at risk of being unlawfully targeted by the administration's unreliable voter purge database weeks before the midterm elections.”

In their Supreme Court filing, the advocacy groups cited a Travis County, Texas, election official who said 25 percent of the system's non-citizen matches there involved people who had already proven their US citizenship, and news reports finding that at least 81 percent of the system's responses in St. Louis County, Missouri, were erroneous.

The voting rights group League of Women Voters and privacy rights group Electronic Privacy Information Center sued in September 2025 to block the Trump administration's modified system. They said that the revamp violated federal privacy and other US laws.

In a June ruling blocking the revamped database, US District Judge Sparkle Sooknanan in Washington, D.C., said the system was haphazardly assembled and contained unreliable citizenship data.

"All in all, the federal government has knowingly trampled on the privacy rights of American citizens in a manner that threatens the sacred right to vote," Sooknanan wrote. "This court cannot stand idly by while that happens."

The US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in a 2-1 ruling on September 4 declined to halt Sooknanan's ruling, prompting the administration's request to the Supreme ⁠Court.

In a Supreme Court filing, Justice Department lawyers called the ​judge's order "indefensible," arguing that it "threatens the integrity" of the midterm elections.

Texas, which intervened in the case in support of the administration, has disputed claims that the system is unreliable.

Due to separate litigation in Florida, the Trump administration has been able to continue using its modified SAVE system in the Republican-led states of Florida, Iowa, Indiana and Ohio.