This simple test could transform how womb cancer is diagnosed

A simple test that looks at cells in urine and vaginal fluid could help rule out womb cancer in women who experience bleeding after menopause.

The approach has the potential to “transform care” for thousands of women each year, researchers said, and could spare patients from “invasive, uncomfortable” tests that can be costly for the health service.

Around 10,200 women are diagnosed with womb cancer – also known as uterine or endometrial cancers – in the UK each year.

Bleeding after the menopause is a common symptom and would trigger an urgent cancer referral.

Tests include ultrasounds, biopsies of the womb lining, and a hysteroscopy, where a camera is passed into the womb.

However, researchers at the University of Manchester and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, claim “most of these investigations are unnecessary” as only 5 per cent to 10 per cent of women with this symptom have cancer.

The new test looks at cells collected from the urine and vaginal fluid.

A study published in the Lancet Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Women’s Health included 1,864 women attending hospital with postmenopausal bleeding.

Before routine tests, patients provided samples of urine and vaginal fluid, which were examined by specialists.

Some 115 women were found to have cancer, including 99 who had womb cancer.

When urine and vaginal cell sample results were combined, the test correctly identified 80 per cent of cancers.

Womb cancer symptoms

NHS

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Main symptoms of womb cancer can include:

• bleeding or spotting from the vagina after the menopause
• heavy periods that are unusual for you
• vaginal bleeding between your periods
• a change to your vaginal discharge

Other symptoms of womb cancer can include:

• a lump or swelling in your tummy or between your hip bones (pelvis)
• pain in your lower back or between your hip bones (pelvis)
• pain during sex
• changes to how often you pee and poo (this can be either more, or less, than usual)

It also had a negative predictive value of 98.8 per cent for womb cancer, meaning women with a negative result were highly unlikely to have the disease.

Meanwhile, the test detected almost all aggressive cancers, identifying 95.8 per cent of high-grade tumours and 96.4 per cent of cancers that had already spread beyond the uterus.

It also picked up 100 per cent of cancers in black women.

The test of vaginal fluid performed slightly better than urine alone, according to the study.

Researchers said the test could be used to triage women suspected of having endometrial cancer, and could “support rapid diagnosis, provide quick reassurance, and reduce the burden of invasive testing for women with postmenopausal bleeding”.

Professor Emma Davidson, of the University of Manchester and honorary consultant in gynaecological oncology at MFT, said: “Bleeding after the menopause is understandably alarming for women because it can be a sign of cancer, but the vast majority of those investigated will not have the disease.

“At the moment, many women face invasive, uncomfortable tests that can be stressful as well as costly for health services before cancer can be ruled out.

“Our study shows that a simple test using urine and vaginal samples could help identify the women most likely to have cancer while safely reassuring many others much earlier in the diagnostic pathway.

“If further studies confirm these findings in routine practice, this approach has the potential to transform care for thousands of women every year.”