Cheap weapons, growing fears: Inside the Taliban’s drone campaign against Pakistan

The Pakistani army on September 23 said it had shot down at least eight fixed-wing drones in Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, less than 1,000 metres from the Afghan border. It was the latest reported attempt by the Taliban to target Pakistani forces using this type of drone.

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Since the conflict between Pakistan and the Taliban began in February of this year, the Taliban have deployed armed first-person-view (FPV) drones – small quadcopters carrying munitions such as mortar shells – to attack Pakistani positions near the border. They have also used larger, fixed-wing suicide drones equipped with more powerful engines, potentially capable of flying hundreds of kilometres.

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On September 28, Pakistan’s Foreign Ministry said it had delivered a diplomatic protest note to the Taliban over what it described as "provocative incursions", citing 23 drones launched from Afghanistan into Pakistani airspace since the beginning of the month.

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From friends to foes

Once close allies, Pakistan and the Taliban entered into open conflict about eight months ago when Pakistan’s Defence Minister Khawaja Mohammad Asif publicly declared that “relations with the Taliban had deteriorated into an ‘open war’.”

The conflict escalated after Pakistan began targeting positions of the Pakistani militant group Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) inside Afghanistan. Also known as the Pakistani Taliban, the TTP is officially recognised as a terrorist organisation by multiple countries and international bodies, including the United Nations, Pakistan and the European Union.

The TTP has carried out attacks in Pakistan for nearly two decades and has long-standing ties with the Afghan Taliban, which Pakistan accuses of sheltering and supporting the group.

When Pakistan, which has aerial military superiority over Afghanistan, has struck suspected TTP positions deep inside Afghanistan, the Taliban has retaliated with ground attacks and drones. 

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'Making a fixed wing drone is not that complicated anymore'

UAV expert Mark Grozel explains:

These drones are roughly two metres in size and could carry between half a kilogram and one kilogram of explosives. They have a very limited military effectiveness and are easy to intercept. They are slow and fly at low altitude. The difficulty is detecting them: they are hard to spot, but once detected, they are easy to shoot down.

There are multiple scenarios. One is that a foreign government supplies them. Or they could be, to some extent, homemade. Today, making a fixed-wing drone is not that complicated anymore.

Autopilot software that controls a drone’s trajectory is widely available.

On [the e-commerce site] Alibaba, you can easily buy components such as the engine and battery. The body could be made with a 3D printer, or from polystyrene or even balsa wood…

After examining photos and videos of drones that Pakistan’s army said it had intercepted, FRANCE 24 identified what appear to be DLE55 engines fitted to each of the suicide drones shown. These 55cc single piston engines and are commercially available online.

Despite their basic engines, small explosive payloads and simple radio navigation systems, these drones have a heavy psychological impact.

'Their main power is their psychological impact'

According to Grozel:

The strength of this kind of fixed-wing drones is that they are cheap to make. Any group with the resources, including the Taliban, can now produce them.

They allow you to tell your adversary: ‘I can threaten your infrastructure at any moment.’ If one hits a school or a fuel facility, the consequences could be catastrophic. Their main power is their psychological impact.

The Taliban’s drone attacks come amid a broader conflict between Pakistan and the Afghan Taliban, fueled by the activities of the TTP.

Direct engagements between the TTP and Pakistani security forces have increased significantly since the Taliban returned to power in Afghanistan, rising from 98 incidents in 2021 to 470 in 2024. Throughout 2025, regular clashes along the border reportedly resulted in approximately 4,000 deaths.

On September 18, 2026 a TTP suicide car bomb attack on a mosque killed 21 people in the Pakistani border city Kohat .

The roots of the Taliban–TTP alliance

Mukhtar Wafaei, an expert on the Taliban who specialises in Afghan affairs, explains how relations between Pakistan and the Afghan Taliban deteriorated into military conflict.

To understand the current situation, we have to go back to the Soviet-Afghan war in the 1980s.

During those years, Afghan and Pakistani fighters were sent from religious schools in Pakistan to participate in the “jihad” against Soviet forces in Afghanistan.

These relationships were forged during that period and remained largely unquestioned until the September 11 attacks and the subsequent US invasion of Afghanistan.

After the collapse of the Taliban’s first government in 2001, Taliban leaders and members dispersed, with many seeking refuge in Pakistan’s border regions, including Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Waziristan and Balochistan.

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They maintained these long-standing cross-border relationships. In 2008, the Afghan Taliban expanded their presence across various parts of Afghanistan. Around the same time, several jihadist organisations operating in Pakistan, originating from the same tribal regions and carrying out violent attacks, came together under the TTP.

Another turning point came in 2021, when the Taliban returned to power in Afghanistan. Taliban leaders who had been sheltered in safe houses in Pakistan belonging to the TTP, left for Afghanistan. Their Pakistani friends, allies and associates accompanied them to Kabul and also took refuge there.

Between late 2021 and mid-2022, Pakistan attempted to negotiate with the TTP. But after the group refused to disarm or accept Pakistan’s constitutional framework, it ordered its fighters to launch nationwide attacks on November 28, 2022. The Taliban claim the TTP is a Pakistani internal issue and deny any responsibility.

When diplomatic ultimatums failed to halt cross-border militant operations, Pakistan resorted to air strikes inside Afghanistan, prompting the Afghan Taliban to retaliate with attacks on Pakistani territory.

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Pakistan also launched a mass expulsion campaign, with 2.39 million Afghans returning from Pakistan to Afghanistan over a period of more than two years.

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There is a very deep ideological relationship between the Afghan Taliban and the TTP rooted in the extremist Islamist religious schools in Pakistan. They share the same ideology, come from the same religious tradition and follow the same teachings. They can no longer be separated. They are effectively one group.

A few months after the Afghan Taliban returned to power, the TTP leader stated very clearly in Pashto that Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, meaning the Afghan Taliban, were one group. He said: “We are not two groups. We are one group, following one programme, one ideology and one method.”

This is particularly revealing because the TTP leader himself explicitly described the two movements as one.